Projector Lamps

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Projector lamps are used as the light source in projecting devices. For example; a movie projector is a device for displaying moving pictures, and this is achieved by projecting  them onto a large screen which is usually set at some given distance from the movie projector. These types of projectors are known as opto-mechanical devices.

A projector lamp has a wide range of applications, not only used for presentations in business units and educational institutions, but also it can use in movie or home theaters.

Projector lamps are classified into three types, namely overhead, slide, and multimedia Projector lamps. To day, there are many different types of devices and projectors which most of them will usually require some type of light source.

The size and shape of projector lamps and bulbs vary enormously due to the huge range and types of projecting equipment that is available in the market today. A bulb that is suited to the old type movie projector will be very different from the lamps that are required to fit into a rear television television and they have a very different  function.

The lamps may be installed by a specialist or in many cases installed by the projector owner or operator. While placing a lamp or bulb, make sure the screws or bolts of the terminals are not too tight as theses can break the ceramic part and damage the isolation of the lamp. However if they are not tight enough, they can cause too big a charge on the ballast causing it to break.

Always make sure the bulb is well housed in its cartridge. There may be a tendency to stop at the first sign of resistance. Continue applying pressure on the base of the bulb until it is well fixed within the cartridge.

Whatever the type of projector lamps that you used, after a certain point of time it will start to dim and die out and it is time to replace with the new one.

Bathroom Light Fixtures

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Currently, there is greater emphasis to new trends in bathroom light fixtures compared to years ago. The old way of doing things will be replaced by new one ( trend and modern) to awe anybody because it is not only a place to get cleaned up, it is a place for relaxation. The bathroom is the room where the ritual or daily ablutions performed. This emotion is described very well by the bathroom light fixtures.

Off course there are various space in your room where different activities carried out which has specific task performed at the room. So the lighting fixtures as a utility object can create a certain reflect and a certain mood atmosphere that complements and reflects an individual attitudes and tastes.

We know in the that place many people usualy spend time not only to get cleaned up so the proper light is important to make sure that we are not struggling to find things or looking at oneself in the mirror and find an abstarct thing reflected instead. The right lighting will increase the room appearance, so make sure that the lighting material is suitable for that place and also the bulb must be held in proper position.

The lighting should be not reflected from the mirror but it should directed to that person who use that private place. This can be done by placing two light fixtures in the opposite direction so that the is reflected on the faces of both sides or we can place the bathroom light fixtures on the wall directly above the sink, at a minimum distance of two meters from the sink.

There are many kinds of bathroom lights fixtures you can find on the internet (online shop) or other offline stores, but remember to choose the best type and place it on the appropriate area (wall).

Magnifier Desk Lamp

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Change your standard desk lamp to magnifier lamps to help your job

You may need magnifier desk lamp to help your work with files and other objects at your workplace or your home, although many people use this lamps just for their hobby not to help their daily work. The main reason using magnifier desk lamp is to use the lights and take a closer look at the object.

Nothing is more valuable than the ability of someone to see because of this, there is absolutely no point for us to strain the eyes at night when we want to finish a particular job without distracting other from sleep because of the light.

This time we need the magnifier desk lamp to reduce the eye strain and fatigue because even the smallest details of what you are doing is very visible from your eyes. This desk lamp will be very helpful at the time when you have a huge task to read, intricate embroidery, worked on an intricate miniature paintings, or other type of your work.

There are different types of magnifier desk lamps available at many stores. It is basically the same with normal regular lamps, although this lamp has additional lens which will give you the ability to target appear closer while enjoying the additional clarity. You do not need to spend a lot of money to buy magnifier desk lamps as they are much more affordable now.

Most magnifer desk lamps have a degree of magnification which can be adjusted depending on the size of the lenses that they are equipped. It is very important to choose the one with the right lens size should depend on where you will use it for. You have to choose the magnifier desk lamps which have the fit lense as you need for your job.

Solar Lighting

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Enhance your properties by placing Solar Light

Would you like to improve the tranquility of your garden, illuminate the space around the garage door, or decorate your other properties? Solar lighting is one of the best solution to answer the question and that will meet your needs. It is the safest and easiest way to decorate your outdoors. Whatever type of improvement you want to make, this solar lighting would be beneficial because it is not only lighting in the future but this is the lighting for the moment.

Using solar lighting will save energy, it will reduce the amount of electrical power used at least when people sleep. That is one of the main reasons for people to use it as energy-efficient solutions.

Solar energy is provided free of charge and need not be renewed, recharged and inexhaustible because the world has already provided it to us. Everyone is free to use this energy for various purposes, such as Solar lighting.

Using solar lighting will enhance the benefits of energy on a wider scale. It may only be a cost effective option, or can be used to make a statement about responsible energy use. It also allows buyers just fascinated with new technology advances. Whatever the reason, installing the lights in the house or building can spread interest in the field of solar technology to other members of the community.

Actually whatever you have around your home can be lit with solar lights. You can arrange them in a variety of different ways. You can highlight the stone arch, flowers and fish ponds, or cast a light on a remote path. It is suitable for different climates and remote locations so enhance your properties with solar lighting.

Solar lighting works by it self automatically. They secretly gather sunlight during the day, charging the batteries without the hassle you. There are no gadgets to forget to activate anymore no outlets or electrical power required. The lights will come on whether you are in home or you are away.

Landscape Lighting Installation

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Landscape lighting installation could be done generally by the project landscapers, home improvement professionals or homeowners. Commonly low voltage landscape lighting is the easiest type to install because it has low voltage 12 volt AC which ideal for landscape lighting and easy to install.

The proper tools are required for landscape lighting installation such as a trenching tool, an electric drill, a lineman pliers, and screwdriver. Landscape lights are available in retail outlets. The most landscape lighting systems come with the equipment installer installed together. Lighting systems are usually found in packages that also includes connectors needed for assembly or transformer.

If you prefer to buy the tools for landscape lighting installation separately, they can be done with the help of a retail employee at places like Home Depot, Lowe's, or mom and pop hardware store. Buying individual pieces may allow for more customization.

Below are step by step of landscape lighting installation process after preparing the appropriate landscape lighting installation tools.

1. Setting the wires. Set the cable to the transformer which has a function to decrease voltage from 120 Volts to 12 Volts . Start by taking the cable and attach it to light. The only thing you need to do here is to screw the cable into right place.
2. Hanging Transformer. You have to hang the transformer on the wall next to GFCI outlet.
3. Assembling the lamps. You will find that your landscape lights will require assembly. Do not worry, the assembly is usually a little more that snapping some sockets into place. Follow the factory manual closely.
4. Placing the lights. Put the light where you want and then run the wire from light to light
5. Connecting the lights. You will have to take a connector and snap each side of it together around the cable to do this.
6. Digging a trench to lay the wire down in. The trench can be fairly shallow. Lay the cables down in the trench. Do not bury the cable at this time.
7. Setting the timer. Plug the transformer into an outdoor receptacle and then set the timer. Cover the outlet with a plastic cover for safety purposes.
8. Testing the lights. If all lights turn on, then the landscape lighting installation has finished on your property.

Landscape Lights

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Today, landscape lights are very popular, because they give attractiveness, safety, security of the night, and they also supply the light for outdoor properties. They are a great way to enhance the beauty outside around your property.

Whether you are an artist or not, I definitely think everyone will love the beauty of the landscape, both during the daytime and nighttime. If you enjoy on your property, your artistic garden, tasty trees and flowers, and beautiful shrubs, why don’t you enjoy their beauty at night and day with the right landscape lights. You can get fully benefit from your landscape after sunset, as well as by daylight. With the appropriate landscape lights will give safety and better security as well.

There are many benefits of landscape lights aesthetics that we can get. For example, you can show off artistic and beauty of your home at the night. Landscape lights will highlight your favorite flowers, trees and shrubs. With the right landscape lights could dramatize your ponds, fountains, and decks as well. This can also be used to accent sculptures and other focal points throughout your landscape. With the right landscape lights will create greater innovation your backyard, patio, so you can relax and entertain even at night there.They are required for safety because they will provide the true light for walk, driveway and help to avoid accidents at the night too.

Landscape lights such as floodlight, lantern post, and other lights can prevent vandals. The experts also agreed that the right landscape lighting is a good investment. The reason that ornamental light at night will look more like a real luxury, usually lead to increased resale value of your home or your other properties.

You have to make a simple planning when building a landscape lighting such as choosing lights placement by selecting one or two points of interest and make this central to your lighting design, choosing appropriate lights including type, model, and design. After finish, you can build the rest of your landscape lighting around your initial point of focus. This plan is important to improve your landscape appearance later.

There are many types of landscape lights available today at various stores. Low voltage lights is the type of landscape lights that uses only 12 volts not 120 volts delivered by ordinary household current. Low voltage landscape lighting kits are generally available in most hardware or building center. Other type of landscape lights are solar lights, deck lights, patio lights, lanterns, tiki torches, and other lights you can find on onlie store.

With so many choices, styles, colors and textures are available, you must choose by fun and pick what you like. Landscape lighting is very useful in most areas, a little light can make more difference of your beautiful home.

Basic Electrical and Electronic Circuits

The first thing a beginner needs to know to understand a system of electrical circuits and electronic circuits is the understanding of basic electrical theory including electron and basic unit of electrical measurement such as the value of current, the value of voltage, and the value electrical power; the introduction of codes and electric and electronic symbols; understanding of basic electric and electronic formulas; understanding of basic electrical circuits and electronics; and ways of working components.

In principle, the basic electrical circuit consists of three parts:

1. Voltage source: Voltage source (Power Supply) can be either voltage AC (Alternate Current) 220-240 VAC from the power company or a DC voltage (Direct Current) like an Accumulator (Battery Cell)
2. Conductor: Conductor can be a cooper wire, cable, or other objects that are conductive.
3. Load:  Load can be either electric or electronic devices such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, computers, electric motors, radios, lamps, LEDs, etc.

The third part of the electrical circuit can be connected or disconnected by a switch. When the switch is closed, electric current will flow from the source voltage through the load so that the load will work, and will be disconnected when the switch is open (disconnect) to turn off the load.

If the resistance of the conductor ignored or considered to be zero (0 Ohm). The greater voltage source, the greater current flowing to the load. The larger the load resistance, the smaller current flowing in the electrical circuit. In this condition shall apply Ohm's Law.

Ohm's law is a statement that the electrical current flowing through a conductor is always proportional to the applied potential difference to it. A conductive object will be in accordance with Ohm's law if the resistance value does not depend on the value and polarity of the potential difference. Although this statement does not necessarily apply to all types of conductors, but the term "law" still used by historical reasons.

Mathematically Ohm's law written by the equation:

"I" is electric current flowing in a conductor in Amperes (A), "V" is the voltage present at both ends of the conductor in Volts (V), and "R" is the resistance contained in a conductor in Ohm . This law was initiated by George Simon Ohm, a physicist from Germany in 1825 and published in a paper titled The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically in 1827. (Wikipedia)

Resistance, Voltage, and Current

The meaning of Resistance, Voltage, and Current
To understand the voltage and ampere we can see the example of two glasses are placed in different positions (left image). Glass "A" at the top position and glass "B" in the lower position. Glass "A" and glass "B" is connected with the pipe and in glass "A" attached faucet and filled with some water.

If the faucet is opened, the water will flows from glass "A" to the glass "B" through the pipe. The amount of water current that flows depends on the difference in height between the two glasses and depends on the size of the facet opening. The greater the difference in height between the two glasses, the greater the flow of water flowing through the pipe.

This height difference is assumed as the voltage where glass "A" is the positive pole and glass "B" is the negative pole. Pipe is assumed to be the connecting cables (connectors) and faucet as a switch. If the faucet is closed, the water will not flow through the pipe but if the faucet is opened, the water will flow from glass "A" to the glass "B" through the pipe.

The above example applies also to the electric current, if the switch is disconnected, the electric current will not flow but if the switch is connected, the electric current will flow from the positive pole toward the negative pole through the cable (the connector).

Unit voltage is Volt (V) and the unit of electrical current is Amperes (A). The value of the current that flows influenced by the value of the resistance in an electrical system or a in electronic circuits. Resistance can be assumed by the size of the pipe or the size of the opening faucet. Resistance unit is Ohm.

Voltage is the cause and current is the effect 
Voltage is the source to make the current flows and current will flow if the circuit is complete, meaning there are voltage source, connector, and the load. 

Note the electronic circuits above. In the picture "A", there are a voltage source, connector, and the load but no current flows because the switch is open; In picture "B" there are a voltage source, connector, and the load and the conditions of switch  is closed so the current will flow from the positive pole to negative pole through connector; In picture "C" there will be no current flowing though there are connector, the switch is closed, and the load, but there is no voltage source.

Electric and Electronic Symbols

Before studying the electrical and electronic, the things we should know are electrical and electronic symbols to learn more easily, especially when reading circuits and electrical schematics and electronics in a system.

By using these symbols, schematics will be easily constructed and easily understood so that the assembly process would be much easier. Below are some symbols of electrical components and electronic components.

Usually a professional electrician will read electrical schematics before the installation process. Besides the application of electrical symbols and electronic symbols can help finding an error or fault during the repair time.

SYMBOL	COMPONENT	NOTE
Connections
	Cable Connection	Connected wire (conductor)
	Connected Cable	Connected
	Disconnected Cable	Disconnected
Switch and Relays
	Toggle Switch SPST	Disconnect when open
	Toggle Switch SPDT	One on - one off
	Switch Push-Button (NO)	Connect when the button is pushed
	Switch Push-Button (NC)	Disconnect when the button is pushed
	DIP Switch	Multiswitch
	Relay SPST	Connection (Open and Close) by electromagnetic
	Relay SPDT
	Jumper	Connected by jumper
	Solder Bridge	Connected by soldered
Ground (GND)
	Earth Ground	Zero reference
	Chassis Ground	Body (Chassis) Ground
	Common/ Digital Ground
Resistor Symbols
	Resistor	Resistor
	Resistor
	Potensio Meter	Variable Resistor
	Potensio Meter
	Variable Resistor	Variable Resistor
	Variable Resistor
Condensator Symbols
	Bipolar Condensator	Condensator
	Nonpolar Condensator
	Bipolar Condensator	Electrolytic Condensator (ELCO)
	Bipolar Capacitor	Electrolytic Condensator (ELCO)
	Kapasitor Variable	Condensator yang nilai kapasitansinya dapat diatur
Inductor Symbols
	Inductor, spul, coil	Generate electromagnetic
	Induktor dengan inti besi	Generate electromagnetic
	Variable Inductor	Variable Inductor
Power Supply
	DC Source	Generate DC Voltage Source
	Current Source	Menghasilkan sumber arus tetap
	AC Source	Generate AC Voltage Source
	Generator	Generate Electric Voltage
	Battery	Generate DC Voltage
	Multicell Battery	Generate DC Voltage
	Variavle Source Voltage	Voltage Source
	Variable Current Source	Current Source
Meter Symbols
	Volt Meter	Measure voltage
	Ampere Meter	Measure Current
	Ohm Meter	Measure Resistance
	Watt Metter	Measure Electrical Power
Lamp Symbols
	Lamp	Produce light when electrified
	Lamp
	Lamp
Diode Symbols
	Diode	Serves as a rectifier of electrical current that can flow in one direction (forward biased)
	Zener Diode	DC Voltage stabilizer
	Schottky Diode	Diode with low drop voltage, typically found in logic ICs
	Varactor Diode	Varactor
	Tunnel Diode	Tunnel Diode
	LED (Light Emitting Diode)	Produce light when electrified DC in one direction
	Photo Diode	Generate electric current when it gets light
Transistor Symbol
	Bipolar NPN Transitor	The electrical current will flow (EC) when the base (B) given a positive
	Bipolar PNP Transistor	The electrical current will flow (CE) when the base (B) were given negative
	Darlington Transitor	The combination of the two bipolar transistors to increase the reinforcement
	JFET-N Transistor	Field Effect Transistor N channel
	JFET-P Transistor	P channel Field Effect Transistor
	NMOS Transistor	N channel MOSFET transistor
	PMOS Transistor	P channel MOSFET transistor
Other Symbols
	Motor	Electric Motor
	Transformer, Transformator	Step-Up and Step-Down Voltage
	Electric Bell	Sounds when electrified
	Buzzer	Producing sound as electrified buzz
	Fuse	Safety. Will disconnect when the current exceeds the capacity
	Fuse
	Bus	Consists of many lines of data or address lines
	Bus
	Bus
	Opto Coupler	As with insulation between two different settings. Connected by light
	Speaker	Transform electrical signals into sounds
	Mic, Microphone	Change the voice signal into an electric current
	Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier	Amplifier input signal
	Schmitt Trigger	Reduce noise
	ADC, Analog to Digital	Change the analog signal into digital data
	DAC, Digital to Analog	Converts the digital data into analog signals
	Crystal, Ocsilator	Producing pulses
Antenna Symbols
	Antenna	Radio signal transmitters and receivers
	Antenna
	Dipole Antenna	The combination of simple Antenna
Logic Symbols
	NOT Gate	The output will be the inverse input
	AND Gate	Output will be 0 if one of input 0
	NAND Gate	The output will be 1 if one input 0
	OR Gate	The output will be 1 if one input 1
	NOR Gate	Output will be 0 if one input 1
	EX-OR Gate	Output will be 0 if the input is equal
	D-Flip-Flop	Can serve as data storage (memory)
	Multiplexer 2 to 1	Selecting one of the input data to be sent to the output
	Multiplexer 4 to 1
	D-Multiplexer 1 to 4	Selecting the input data to be sent to one output